LAND REFORMS AND LAND OWNERSHIP
LAND REFORMS AND LAND OWNERSHIP One of the Top Competitive institutes in West Bengal, MIES Institute, puts an informative article on “ Land Reforms and Land Ownership”. Written by the top faculty Mr. Samrat Bhattacharyya of MIES R. M. Law College under MIES Institute. This is the top Coaching Centre for different government job exam preparation, which will enhance and aware more to peoples. Moreover, the MIES Institute is one of the Best institutes for School Service, WBCS, SSC, PSC, Bank, Rail, etc exams in West Bengal. The Head Office is at Sonarpur, Main City Centre – Sealdah. Branches – Barasat, Behala Chowrasta. This article is most effective for the West Bengal Civil Service Exam and other Govt. Service Examinations. Land reforms and land ownership is a very vital matters all over the world “The life of the law has not been logic, It has been experienced”[1]. Is nowhere more clearly illustrated than in the history of the constitutional provisions relating to land reforms in India. There is a wide range of social, political, and economic implications of land reforms in India. Land reforms and land ownership is a very vital matters all over the world. Different political systems prescribed different methods for land ownership and utilization. Land reforms refer to reforming the ownership and regulation of land or redistribution of land from the erstwhile feudal owners or zamindars to the landless people who are suppressed and exploited for a long time for some special purposes like agriculture or economic development of the state. Moreover, Land was concentrated in the hands of a few and there was a proliferation of intermediaries who had no vested interest in self-cultivation. Therefore, Land records were in extremely bad shape and one problem of agriculture was that the land was fragmented into very small parts. Different categories of reform There are different categories of reform abolition of intermediaries, like rent collectors, regulation of tenancy by regulating rent and providing security of tenure, ceiling on land holdings by redistribution of surplus land, consolidation of land, encouraging peasants to form co-operative farming societies so that organized farming can enhance the productivity of the land which can ultimately boost the economy. The consolidation of land started with the Zamindari Abolition Act and Estate Acquisition Act and in West Bengal, the process of land reforms started with Operation Barga which asked for equal distribution of land among the landless farmers. The aim is to equitable redistribution of land to increase productivity and decrease poverty and this can also help to stop intra-country migration of those people who migrate to other states in search of work. Transfer of Property Act As per the Transfer of Property Act, a person cannot transfer a property if he doesn’t have a good title over it. As no one can transfer a better title than he possesses. Earlier ostensible owner of an immovable property who is not the actual owner of that property but rather holds the property in the absence of the real owner with implied or express consent of the actual owner. However after the enactment of Benami Transactions (Prohibition Act) 1988, a transfer by an ostensible owner becomes illegal. Transfer of land or other immovable property can be effected only by a deed of conveyance which has to be duly stamped and registered as required by law. It has become a practice to effect the transfer of immovable property either through a general power of Attorney sales or sale agreement, this sale generally evades payment of duty, taxes, and other fees payable on transfer and registration, so it is an illegal practice and cannot be recognized as valid under law. The persons who resort to such practices include vendors with imperfect titles purchasers who purposefully do not wish to disclose such transfers in the public domain, purchasers who avoid the payment of stamp duty that results eventually in loss of revenue to the government and the circulation of the black money in the market. Sale deed for LAND REFORMS AND LAND OWNERSHIP Buyer must always ensure that the title of the seller is clear before the execution of the sale deed. A Good Title consists of the right of possession and property. Moreover, the transferee of land must ensure that there is no charge encumbrance or any other legal hindrance on the property. The purchasers must verify the encumbrance status from the register’s office. The owner of the land must have an absolute interest in the plot of land as against the lessee, mortgagee, baradari, and patta holder who have a limited interest in the plot of land. The record of rights must contain all aspects of good title, the total area of the plot of land, khatiyan number which is the registration information of the complete records of the land or property. The certified copies of all entered documents in the official domain are issued by the revenue department of the state government. Moreover, these copies are proof of ownership, location, usage, and other information about the land property, and share of raiyat in the plot. Nevertheless, accounts of existing encumbrances like mortgage, adverse possession, or bargain the plot. Without a good title, the transfer is not possible The transferor who wishes to transfer the plot of land must clear the revenue payable to the state government. And any existing encumbrance like mortgaging the land to any land mortgage bank or any other financial institution or any co-operative society must be timely intimated to the revenue officer having jurisdiction so that the encumbrance can reflect in the record of rights. No transferor can legally transfer his land without having a good title. The buyer or transferee has to make himself satisfied that the seller has a good title over such immovable property given in the transfer if he does not want to face any legal consequence of purchasing such disputed property. MIES is a renowned coaching center for Govt. Job exams MIES is a renowned coaching center for
West Bengal Civil Service Examination
West Bengal Civil Service Examination. A privilege to introduce a write-up from one of the Top Institute for Govt. Job exam, MIES Institute is a modern equipped Competitive Institute in West Bengal. An informative article on West Bengal Civil Service examination from Topmost Institute for WBCS exam preparation in West Bengal, MIES Institute is one of the Best Institute for PSC, SSC, RAIL, BANK exams preparation in Kolkata of West Bengal, situated at Sonarpur (HO), Sealdah (Main City Centre), Branches at Barasat, Behala Chowrasta, Howrah Maidan, konnagar, and Chinsurah, moreover, this Institute is one of the best coachings for Govt. Job exams preparation in West Bengal. The write-up follows below. West Bengal Civil Service (Executive), popularly known as W.B.C.S.(Exe), is the civil service of the Indian state of West Bengal. For the WBCS (Exe) and other comparative posts, the Public Service Commission of West Bengal arranges competitive examinations every year in three phases every year. These phases are Preliminary, Mains, and Personality Test. West Bengal Civil Service Examination Details FEES: INR 60,000/- At a time INR 66,000/- (18000 + 12000×4) Preliminary Exam:- 1 paper (qualifying) 2½ hrs. General Studies (8 topics including Reasoning, English language, History, Geography, Current Affairs, General Knowledge, General Science and Indian Polity and Economy MCQ 200 Main Exam:- Paper I 3 hrs. Bengali / Hindi / Urdu / Nepali/Santali Descriptive 200 Paper II English 200 Paper III General Studies-I : History & Geography MCQ 200 Paper IV General Studies-II : Science & Technology, Environment, G.K and Current Affairs 200 Paper V The Constitution of India & Indian Economy 200 Paper VI Arithmetic and Test of Reasoning 200 Paper VII Optional Subject Paper I[1] Descriptive 200 Paper VIII Optional Subject Paper II 200 Total Marks 1600[ Only one optional subject is to be taken from the prescribed list. Optional paper is only for those candidates who opted for Group A & B 2 Total marks are 1200 in case of Group C and D candidates Personality Test:- Personality Tests Group A Group B Group C Group D 200 Marks 150 Marks 100 Marks Eligibility:- Educational Qualification: A degree from a recognized university and ability to read and write Bengali but it is not required for the candidates having Nepali as a mother tongue. Age Limit:- WBCS age limit is defined separately for all the groups of services. The age of the candidates is counted from January 1 of the year of examination. It means that the age of the candidates will be counted from January 1, 2021 for the WBCS 2021 exam. The Group-wise WBCS age criteria are as follows : WBCS Age Limit for Group ‘A’ & ‘C’ Services The WBCS notification defines the age criteria Lower Age Limit-21 years Upper Age limit-36 years WBCS Age Limit for Group-B Services The WBCS group B service only includes the West Bengal Police Services (WBPS). The age criterion for WBCS Gr. B is as follows: Lower Age Limit-20 years Upper Age limit-36 years The candidates whose age is not below 20 years and above 36 years can apply for the WBCS Gr. B Services i.e for the WBPS. WBCS Age Limit for the Group-D Services The WBCS D Group services are the clerical positions in the state administrative machinery. The WBCS age criteria for Gr. D services are: Lower Age Limit -21 years Upper Age limit- 39 years WBCS Age limit relaxation The WBPSC also provides the age relaxation to the candidates belonging to certain reserved categories. 5 years age relaxation for SC/ST & 3 years age relaxation for OBC (Non-Creamy Layer) In the case of Persons with Disabilities (PWD), the upper age limit is relaxable up to 45 years. S.C./S.T./B.C. candidates of other States shall be treated as General category candidates. Besides the educational and age limit criteria, there are certain physical requirements which are required for certain positions Physical Slandered:- For West Bengal Police Service (Group ‘B’ Service) -The minimum height requirement is 1.65 metres for male candidates and 1.50 metres for female candidates subject to relaxation in the case of candidates belonging to races such as Gorkhas, Garwalis, Assamese Tribals etc. Candidates intending to be considered for this group must indicate their height in the appropriate column of the application form. Application Form Fill Up: – Usually, online form fill up begins for WBCS in the month of November. Preliminary Exam is held in the Last week of January or first week of February at different cities of West Bengal. Post the publications of Preliminary results, Mains Exams are held in June–July in some selected institutions of Kolkata city and at the office of WBPSC. The candidates who passed in Mains are called for Personality test. At last, a selection list is issued by PSC consisting the name of qualified candidates of Mains Exams and Personality test. All these processes take up to one and a half year. Recruitment:- There are different groups in the recruitment of such examination based on choice and merit of scored number. These are A Group, B Group (only for West Bengal Police Service ), Gr C[4], and Gr D. The WBCS (Exe) officers belong to Group-A. In general, As per the record of the WBPSC, the candidates with higher scores opt for WBCS (Exe), WBPS, and some allied services like erstwhile WBCTS, etc as their first choice. Since 1988 some of the top-ranked candidates have opted for an allied service called WB commercial Tax Service (WBCTS) as their first choice due to the less strenuous nature of the service and the lure of metro posting. Only WBCS (Exe) & WBCTS cadres are considered to be the State Civil Service by UPSC for direct promotion to IAS and WBPS officers are promoted to IPS after 7 to 9 years of service in state police service.[5] Functions: – The WBCS (Exe) officers are usually appointed as deputy magistrates or deputy collectors on probation and after completion of two years of mandatory administrative training under the tutelage of Administrative Training Institute, start their career as Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Block Development (B.D.O.) Officers. They also pass order in Executive Magistrate Court and execute some sections of Criminal Procedure Code. The officers of the cadre perform the key administrative functions at
West Bengal Civil Service Exam (WBCS)
West Bengal Civil Service West Bengal Civil Service (Executive), popularly known as W.B.C.S.(Exe). The civil service of the Indian state of West Bengal. For the WBCS (Exe) and other comparative posts, the Public Service Commission of West Bengal arranges competitive examinations in three phases every year. These phases are Preliminary, Mains, and Personality Test. This exam is organized by the Public Service Commission of West Bengal every year between the month of February and March. The WBCS (Exe) The WBCS (Exe) officers are usually appointed as deputy magistrates or deputy collectors on probation. And moreover, after completion of two years of mandatory administrative training under the tutelage of the Administrative Training Institute. Start their career as Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector and Block Development (B.D.O.) Officers. They also pass an order in the Executive Magistrate Court and execute some sections of the Criminal Procedure Code. The officers of the cadre perform the key administrative functions at different levels of various departments of the state. Moreover, the highest position WBCS (Exe) officers can attain is that of a Departmental secretary. Public Service Commission Three posts of district magistrate in the State of West Bengal is reserved for these officers. WBCS (Exe) officers may also be nominated at a later stage of their career to become Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officers. The public Service Commission conducts different types of popular competitive exams. Such as PSC Clerkship, PSC Miscellaneous, PSC SI of Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police, etc. A huge number of success in this exam from MIES